Bink Video 2
- FourCC: KB2a-KB2i (in Bink Container)
- Company: RAD Game Tools
- Samples: ADD ME
Bink Video 2 is a successor to Bink Video.
This iteration operates on 32x32 macroblock employing simplified 8x8 DCT. Bink versions before 2.2 (i.e. KBa-KB2f) employed floating-point IDCT, newer versions use integer IDCT.
Overall design
Bink2 codes frames in two slices, each slice comprises 32x32 macroblocks (16x16 for chroma). There are four possible macroblock types: intra, skip, motion only and motion plus residue. Intra data and residue are coded as 2x2 groups of 8x8 blocks with one of two codebooks selectable per block. Each 16x16 block can have its own motion vector. DCs and motion vectors are predicted from their neighbours when available.
Bitstream format
Bink2 frame begins with two 4-byte little-endian words: the first one is frame flags, the second one is offset to the second slice data. Bitstream is LSB-coded.
Keyframes contain obviously only intra blocks and don't code block types. Intra macroblocks contain IDCT block data, motion blocks contain motion vector data before optional IDCT data.
Internally CBP is represented as two bitmasks - low bits are actual coded bits pattern, top bits select an alternative Huffman codes for ACs.
KB2f (and probably earlier)
for each macroblock {
unless keyframe get block type
switch (block type) {
case INTRA:
intra_luma
intra_chroma
intra_chroma
if (alpha)
intra_alpha (the same coding as intra_luma)
break;
case MOTION:
motion_data
break;
case INTER:
motion_data
inter_luma
inter_chroma
inter_chroma
if (alpha)
inter_alpha
break;
}
}
Inter and intra coding employ the same coding methods but different scans, quantisation matrices and DC range (-1024..1023 instead of 0..2047).
All block types are coded as:
CBP quantiser difference DCs AC blocks
Quantiser is coded as the difference to the previous macroblock quantiser with variable-length codes and optional sign bit. Each component has its own quantiser initially set to 8 at the beginning of every line.
Luma CBP coding
11 - reuse previous CBP in full 10 - reuse previous CBP low bits (no VLC selection) 0 - decode base CBP by nibbles
Nibble decoding starts with the second nibble of original CBP as the reference and for each nibble of CBP one bit it read, if it is set then keep the nibble as is, otherwise read new nibble.
Then, unless it's full reuse of course, VLC part is decoded. For this you iterate by nibbles and if it has nonzero bits and either exactly one bit set or bit read from bitstream is set you read bits for VLC pattern corresponding to base CBP bits (i.e. if bit 3 is set in CBP then you read a bit to determine which VLC code to use).
Chroma CBP coding
11 - reuse previous CBP in full 10 - reuse previous CBP low bits (no VLC selection) 0 - read new CBP (4 bits)
VLC part decoding is the same as for luma CBP
DC coding
dc_bits = get_bits(3);
if (dc_bits == 7)
dc_bits += get_bits(2);
for (i = 0; i < num_dcs; i += 4) {
for (j = 0; j < 4; j++)
dc[i + j] = get_bits(dc_bits);
for (j = 0; j < 4; j++)
if (dc[i + j])
if (get_bit())
dc[i + j] = -dc[i + j];
}
In case it's the first macroblock in the slice an addition start value is read with its size depending on dc_bits and quantiser.
add_bits = { 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 6 }[quant] + dc_bits - 1;
if (add_bits < 10) {
len = get_bits(10 - add_bits);
if (len > 0 && get_bit())
len = -len;
dc[0] += (len << dc_bits) * dc_scale;
}
DCs use median prediction in form min(max(A + B - C, min(A, B, C)), max(A, B, C)). When only two predictors are available it uses min(max(A, B), max(min(A, B), 2 * A - B)). When possible it tries to predict value from top, left and top-left neighbours. DC prediction goes in order:
0 1 4 5 2 3 6 7 8 9 12 13 10 11 14 15
When not all neighbours are available, it uses left/top neigbour or 1023 for the first block. For intra blocks with non-intra neighbours the average is calculated on those blocks and used instead of DC values.
Chroma blocks code only 4 values but they do it in the same manner.
AC coding
The coding is quite similar to any other DCT block coding with the only exception that skip value may indicate a run on 7 coded values.
val_vlc = (cbp & VLC_BIT) ? val_vlc2 : val_vlc1;
skip_vlc = (cbp & VLC_BIT) ? skip_vlc2 : skip_vlc1;
run = 0;
idx = 1;
do {
val = get_vlc(val_vlc);
if (val >= 4)
val = (1 << val - 3) + get_bits(val - 3) + 2;
if (val && get_bit())
val = -val;
block[scan[idx++]] = val;
if (idx >= 64)
break;
run--;
if (run <= 0) {
skip = get_vlc(skip_vlc);
switch (skip) {
case 11:
skip = get_bits(6);
break;
case 12:
skip = 62;
break;
case 13:
skip = 0;
run = 7;
break;
}
idx += skip;
}
} while (idx < 64);
Motion data
It's the same as decoding 4 DCs twice: for each MV component read size, read 4 values, read their signs for non-zero values. For the first macroblock in the slice there is 5-bit value with a sign for non-zero coded after each component that should be multiplied by 16 and added to the first MV value.
MVs are predicted using median prediction from top, left and top-left neighbours. For intra blocks in inter frame motion vector data is filled too (but not coded).
KB2g-KB2i
Bitstream format has changed somewhat but the design is the same.
(for newer versions only)column VLC flags, row VLC flags
for each macroblock {
unless keyframe get block type
switch (block type) {
case INTRA:
quantiser
intra_luma
intra_chroma
intra_chroma
if (alpha)
intra_alpha (the same coding as intra_luma)
if (another_plane)
intra_plane (the same coding as intra_luma)
break;
case MOTION:
motion_data
break;
case INTER:
motion_data
quantiser
inter_luma
inter_chroma
inter_chroma
if (alpha)
inter_alpha (the same coding as inter_luma)
if (another_plane)
inter_plane (the same coding as inter_luma)
break;
}
}
Block type is now coded with truncated unary code that is index in block type list. Selected type is then moved one position to the front of the list then. Initial contents are { MOTION, INTER, SKIP, INTRA }
Quantiser is now applicable to the whole macroblock instead of components and its delta is coded in this way:
dq = get_unary(0, 4); if (dq == 3) dq += get_bit(); else if (dq == 4) dq += get_bits(5) + 1; if (dq && get_bit()) dq = -dq;
Initial quantiser is set to 16, the following quantisers are predicted based on neighbours. Residue macroblock quantisers are predicted and updated independently from intra ones.
Luma CBP decoding
ones = ones_count(prev_cbp & 0xFFFF);
if (ones >= 8) {
ones = 16 - ones;
mask = 0xFFFF;
} else {
mask = 0;
}
cbp = 0;
if (!get_bit()) {
if (ones > 3)
cbp = get_bits(16);
else
for (i = 0; i < 16; i += 4)
if (!get_bit())
cbp |= get_bits(4) << i;
}
cbp ^= mask;
if (no col/row flag set && get_bit())
cbp |= cbp << 16; //VLC part
Chroma CBP decoding
pattern[16] = { 0, 0, 0, 0xF, 0, 0xF, 0xF, 0xF, 0, 0xF, 0xF, 0xF, 0xF, 0xF, 0xF, 0xF };
if (get_bit())
cbp = (VLC part of prev_cbp) | pattern[prev_cbp & 0xF];
else {
cbp = get_bits(4);
if (get_bit())
VLC part = cbp;
}
DC decoding
Now each element is decoded individually:
dc[i] = get_unary(0, 11); if (dc[i] >= 4) dc[i] = (1 << dc[i] - 3) + get_bits(dc[i] - 3) + 2; if (dc[i] && get_bit()) dc[i] = -dc[i];
AC decoding
idx = 1;
esc_len = 0;
dst[0] = dc * 8 + 32;
while (idx < 64) {
if (esc_len-- <= 0) {
skip = get_code(skip_cb);
if (skip == 11)
skip = get_bits(6);
else if (skip == 13) {
skip = 0;
esc_len = 7;
}
}
prefix = get_limited_unary(12, 0) + 1;
if (prefix >= 4)
level = (1 << (prefix - 3)) + get_bits(prefix - 3) + 2;
else
level = prefix;
if (level && get_bit())
level = -level;
pos = zigzag[idx];
dst[pos] = ((level * quant[q & 3][pos] << (q >> 2)) + 0x40) >> 7;
idx++;
}
Motion decoding
First, a bit flag is read to determine whether we'll decode one or four MVs, then MV components are decoded.
mv[i] = get_vlc(mv_vlc);
if (mv[i] == esc) { //escape
bits = get_unary(12, 1) + 4;
mv[i] = get_bits(bits) + (1 << bits) - 1;
if (mv[i] & 1)
mv[i] = -(mv[i] >> 1);
else
mv[i] = mv[i] >> 1;
}
DSP algorithms
DCT
Floating-point IDCT:
t00 = src[2] + src[6]; t01 = (src[2] - src[6]) * 1.4142135 - t00; t02 = src[0] + src[4]; t03 = src[0] - src[4]; t04 = src[3] + src[5]; t05 = src[3] - src[5]; t06 = src[1] + src[7]; t07 = src[1] - src[7]; t08 = t02 + t00; t09 = t02 - t00; t10 = t03 + t01; t11 = t03 - t01; t12 = t06 + t04; t13 = (t06 - t04) * 1.4142135; t14 = (t07 - t05) * 1.847759; t15 = t05 * 2.613126 + t14 - t12; t16 = t13 - t15; t17 = t07 * 1.0823922 - t14 + t16; dst[0] = t08 + t12; dst[1] = t10 + t15; dst[2] = t11 + t16; dst[3] = t09 - t17; dst[4] = t09 + t17; dst[5] = t11 - t16; dst[6] = t10 - t15; dst[7] = t08 - t12;
Fixed-point IDCT:
#define idct_mul_a(val) (val + (val >> 2)) #define idct_mul_b(val) (val >> 1) #define idct_mul_c(val) (val - (val >> 2) - (val >> 4)) #define idct_mul_d(val) (val + (val >> 2) - (val >> 4)) #define idct_mul_e(val) (val >> 2)
tmp00 = src[3] + src[5]; tmp01 = src[3] - src[5]; tmp02 = idct_mul_a(src[2]) + idct_mul_b(src[6]); tmp03 = idct_mul_b(src[2]) - idct_mul_a(src[6]); tmp0 = (src[0] + src[4]) + tmp02; tmp1 = (src[0] + src[4]) - tmp02; tmp2 = src[0] - src[4]; tmp3 = src[1] + tmp00; tmp4 = src[1] - tmp00; tmp5 = tmp01 + src[7]; tmp6 = tmp01 - src[7]; tmp7 = tmp4 + idct_mul_c(tmp6); tmp8 = idct_mul_c(tmp4) - tmp6; tmp9 = idct_mul_d(tmp3) + idct_mul_e(tmp5); tmp10 = idct_mul_e(tmp3) - idct_mul_d(tmp5); tmp11 = tmp2 + tmp03; tmp12 = tmp2 - tmp03; dst[0] = tmp0 + tmp9; dst[1] = tmp11 + tmp7; dst[2] = tmp12 + tmp8; dst[3] = tmp1 + tmp10; dst[4] = tmp1 - tmp10; dst[5] = tmp12 - tmp8; dst[6] = tmp11 - tmp7; dst[7] = tmp0 - tmp9;
For the second stage output should be shifted right by 6.
Luma motion compensation
(A - 4*B + 19*C - 4*D + E + 1) >> 5
Chroma motion compensation
1/4:
(6*A + 2*B + 1) >> 3
1/2:
(A + B + 1) >> 1
Codebooks
KB2f
Quantiser absolute differences:
0: 0x01, 1 bits 1: 0x02, 2 bits 2: 0x04, 3 bits 3: 0x08, 4 bits 4: 0x10, 7 bits 5: 0x30, 7 bits 6: 0x50, 7 bits 7: 0x70, 7 bits 8: 0x00, 8 bits 9: 0x20, 8 bits 10: 0x40, 8 bits 11: 0x60, 8 bits 12: 0x80, 8 bits 13: 0xA0, 8 bits 14: 0xC0, 8 bits 15: 0xE0, 8 bits
For non-zero difference a sign bit is read afterwards.
AC values codebook 1:
0: 0x04, 3 bits 1: 0x01, 1 bits 2: 0x02, 2 bits 3: 0x00, 4 bits 4: 0x08, 5 bits 5: 0x18, 6 bits 6: 0xF8, 8 bits 7: 0x178, 9 bits 8: 0x138, 9 bits 9: 0x38, 9 bits 10: 0x1B8, 9 bits 11: 0x78, 9 bits 12: 0xB8, 9 bits
AC values codebook 2:
0: 0x0A, 6 bits 1: 0x01, 1 bits 2: 0x04, 3 bits 3: 0x08, 4 bits 4: 0x06, 3 bits 5: 0x00, 4 bits 6: 0x02, 4 bits 7: 0x1A, 5 bits 8: 0x2A, 7 bits 9: 0x16A, 9 bits 10: 0x1EA, 9 bits 11: 0x6A, 9 bits 12: 0xEA, 9 bits
AC zero run codebook 1:
0: 0x00, 1 bits 1: 0x01, 3 bits 2: 0x0D, 4 bits 3: 0x15, 5 bits 4: 0x45, 7 bits 5: 0x85, 8 bits 6: 0xA5, 8 bits 7: 0x165, 9 bits 8: 0x65, 9 bits 9: 0x1E5, 9 bits 10: 0xE5, 9 bits 11: 0x25, 8 bits 12: 0x03, 2 bits 13: 0x05, 8 bits
AC zero run codebook 2:
0: 0x00, 1 bits 1: 0x01, 3 bits 2: 0x03, 4 bits 3: 0x07, 4 bits 4: 0x1F, 5 bits 5: 0x1B, 7 bits 6: 0x0F, 6 bits 7: 0x2F, 6 bits 8: 0x5B, 8 bits 9: 0xDB, 9 bits 10: 0x1DB, 9 bits 11: 0x3B, 6 bits 12: 0x05, 3 bits 13: 0x0B, 5 bits
KB2g
AC zero run codebook 1:
0: 0x01, 1 bits 1: 0x04, 3 bits 2: 0x00, 4 bits 3: 0x08, 4 bits 4: 0x02, 5 bits 5: 0x32, 7 bits 6: 0x0A, 5 bits 7: 0x12, 6 bits 8: 0x3A, 7 bits 9: 0x7A, 8 bits 10: 0xFA, 8 bits 11: 0x72, 7 bits 12: 0x06, 3 bits 13: 0x1A, 6 bits
AC zero run codebook 2:
0: 0x01, 1 bits 1: 0x00, 3 bits 2: 0x04, 4 bits 3: 0x2C, 9 bits 4: 0x6C, 9 bits 5: 0x0C, 7 bits 6: 0x4C, 7 bits 7: 0xAC, 9 bits 8: 0xEC, 8 bits 9: 0x12C, 9 bits 10: 0x16C, 9 bits 11: 0x1AC, 9 bits 12: 0x02, 2 bits 13: 0x1C, 5 bits
Motion vector codebook:
0: 0x01, 1 bits 1: 0x06, 3 bits 2: 0x0C, 5 bits 3: 0x1C, 5 bits 4: 0x18, 7 bits 5: 0x38, 7 bits 6: 0x58, 7 bits 7: 0x78, 7 bits -7: 0x68, 7 bits -6: 0x48, 7 bits -5: 0x28, 7 bits -4: 0x08, 7 bits -3: 0x14, 5 bits -2: 0x04, 5 bits -1: 0x02, 3 bits esc: 0x00, 4 bits