H.264 Prediction: Difference between revisions

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This page documents the various prediction methods used in [[H.264]] and related formats such as [[Sorenson Video 3]] and [[RealVideo 4]].
This page documents the various prediction methods used in [[H.264]] and related formats such as [[Sorenson Video 3]], [[RealVideo 4]], and [[On2 VP8]].


== 4x4 Prediction Modes ==
== 4x4 Prediction Modes ==
Line 10: Line 10:
* SVQ3: mode 0
* SVQ3: mode 0
* RV40: mode 1
* RV40: mode 1
* VP8: not used


   LT | T0  T1  T2  T3
   LT | T0  T1  T2  T3
Line 17: Line 18:
   L2 | T0  T1  T2  T3
   L2 | T0  T1  T2  T3
   L3 | T0  T1  T2  T3
   L3 | T0  T1  T2  T3
=== Vertical (VP8) ===
* H.264: not used
* SVQ3: not used
* RV40: not used
* VP8: mode 2
  LT | T0  T1  T2  T3  T4
------------------------
  L0 |  a  b  c  d
  L1 |  a  b  c  d
  L2 |  a  b  c  d
  L3 |  a  b  c  d
where:
  a = (LT + 2*T0 + T1 + 2) >> 2
  b = (T0 + 2*T1 + T2 + 2) >> 2
  c = (T1 + 2*T2 + T3 + 2) >> 2
  d = (T2 + 2*T3 + T4 + 2) >> 2


=== Horizontal ===
=== Horizontal ===
Line 23: Line 45:
* SVQ3: mode 1
* SVQ3: mode 1
* RV40: mode 2
* RV40: mode 2
* VP8: not used


   LT | T0  T1  T2  T3
   LT | T0  T1  T2  T3
Line 30: Line 53:
   L2 | L2  L2  L2  L2
   L2 | L2  L2  L2  L2
   L3 | L3  L3  L3  L3
   L3 | L3  L3  L3  L3
=== Horizontal (VP8) ===
* H.264: not used
* SVQ3: not used
* RV40: not used
* VP8: mode 3
  LT | T0  T1  T2  T3
--------------------
  L0 |  a  a  a  a
  L1 |  b  b  b  b
  L2 |  c  c  c  c
  L3 |  d  d  d  d
  L4 |
where:
  a = (LT + 2*L0 + L1 + 2) >> 2
  b = (L0 + 2*L1 + L2 + 2) >> 2
  c = (L1 + 2*L2 + L3 + 2) >> 2
  d = (L2 + 2*L3 + L4 + 2) >> 2


=== DC ===
=== DC ===
Line 36: Line 81:
* SVQ3: mode 2
* SVQ3: mode 2
* RV40: mode 0
* RV40: mode 0
* VP8: mode 0


   LT | T0  T1  T2  T3
   LT | T0  T1  T2  T3
Line 54: Line 100:
  else
  else
   a = 128
   a = 128
Note that the VP8 reference code does not make any provisions for either or both sets of predictors to be missing.


=== Diagonal Down/Left ===
=== Diagonal Down/Left ===
Line 60: Line 108:
* SVQ3: not used
* SVQ3: not used
* RV40: not used
* RV40: not used
* VP8: mode 4


   LT | T0  T1  T2  T3  T4  T5  T6  T7
   LT | T0  T1  T2  T3  T4  T5  T6  T7
Line 83: Line 132:
* SVQ3: mode 3
* SVQ3: mode 3
* RV40: not used
* RV40: not used
* VP8: not used


   LT | T0  T1  T2  T3
   LT | T0  T1  T2  T3
Line 102: Line 152:
* SVQ3: not used
* SVQ3: not used
* RV40: mode 4
* RV40: mode 4
* VP8: not used


   LT | T0  T1  T2  T3  T4  T5  T6  T7
   LT | T0  T1  T2  T3  T4  T5  T6  T7
Line 113: Line 164:
   L6 |
   L6 |
   L7 |
   L7 |


where:
where:
Line 130: Line 180:
* SVQ3: mode 4
* SVQ3: mode 4
* RV40: mode 3
* RV40: mode 3
* VP8: mode 5


   LT | T0  T1  T2  T3
   LT | T0  T1  T2  T3
Line 153: Line 204:
* SVQ3: mode 5
* SVQ3: mode 5
* RV40: mode 5
* RV40: mode 5
* VP8: mode 6


   LT | T0  T1  T2  T3
   LT | T0  T1  T2  T3
Line 179: Line 231:
* SVQ3: mode 6
* SVQ3: mode 6
* RV40: mode 8
* RV40: mode 8
* VP8: mode 8


   LT | T0  T1  T2  T3
   LT | T0  T1  T2  T3
Line 205: Line 258:
* SVQ3: mode 7
* SVQ3: mode 7
* RV40: mode 6
* RV40: mode 6
* VP8: mode 7


   LT | T0  T1  T2  T3  T4  T5  T6  T7
   LT | T0  T1  T2  T3  T4  T5  T6  T7
Line 230: Line 284:
   a = (2*T0 + 2*T1 + L1 + 2*L2 +  L3 +      4) / 8
   a = (2*T0 + 2*T1 + L1 + 2*L2 +  L3 +      4) / 8
   f = (  T0 + 2*T1 + T2 +  L2 + 2*L3 + L4 + 4) / 8
   f = (  T0 + 2*T1 + T2 +  L2 + 2*L3 + L4 + 4) / 8
For VP8, 3 coefficients differ:
  c = (T2 + T3 + T4 + 2) / 4
  e = (T4 + 2*T5 + T6 + 2) / 4
  j = (T5 + 2*T6 + T7 + 2) / 4


=== Horizontal/Up ===
=== Horizontal/Up ===
Line 236: Line 296:
* SVQ3: mode 8
* SVQ3: mode 8
* RV40: not used
* RV40: not used
* VP8: mode 9


   LT | T0  T1  T2  T3
   LT | T0  T1  T2  T3
Line 259: Line 320:
* SVQ3: not used
* SVQ3: not used
* RV40: mode 7
* RV40: mode 7
* VP8: not used


   LT | T0  T1  T2  T3
   LT | T0  T1  T2  T3
Line 283: Line 345:
   i = (                  L4 +  L5      + 1) / 2
   i = (                  L4 +  L5      + 1) / 2
   j = (                  L4 + 2*L5 + L6 + 2) / 4
   j = (                  L4 + 2*L5 + L6 + 2) / 4
=== TrueMotion (VP8) ===
* H.264: not used
* SVQ3: not used
* RV40: not used
* VP8: mode 1
  LT | T0  T1  T2  T3
---------------------
  L0 |  a  .  .  .
  L1 |  .  b  .  .
  L2 |  .  .  c  .
  L3 |  .  .  .  d
where this pattern is satisfied:
  a = SATURATE_U8(T0 - LT + L0)
  b = SATURATE_U8(T1 - LT + L1)
  c = SATURATE_U8(T2 - LT + L2)
  d = SATURATE_U8(T3 - LT + L3)
I.e., for each of the 16 samples: (top predictor for column) - (left/top predictor) + (left predictor for row), then saturate in an unsigned byte range 0..255.


== 16x16 Prediction Modes ==
== 16x16 Prediction Modes ==

Revision as of 10:23, 21 May 2010

This page documents the various prediction methods used in H.264 and related formats such as Sorenson Video 3, RealVideo 4, and On2 VP8.

4x4 Prediction Modes

4x4 prediction modes vary between different codecs. While they are almost the same for H.264 and Sorenson Video 3, RealVideo 4 has a different order for these modes and some of them significantly differ from H.264 counterparts (by using left predictors where H.264 does not and down left predictors which are not used elsewhere).

Vertical

  • H.264: mode 0
  • SVQ3: mode 0
  • RV40: mode 1
  • VP8: not used
 LT | T0  T1  T2  T3
---------------------
 L0 | T0  T1  T2  T3
 L1 | T0  T1  T2  T3
 L2 | T0  T1  T2  T3
 L3 | T0  T1  T2  T3

Vertical (VP8)

  • H.264: not used
  • SVQ3: not used
  • RV40: not used
  • VP8: mode 2
 LT | T0  T1  T2  T3  T4
------------------------
 L0 |  a   b   c   d
 L1 |  a   b   c   d
 L2 |  a   b   c   d
 L3 |  a   b   c   d

where:

 a = (LT + 2*T0 + T1 + 2) >> 2
 b = (T0 + 2*T1 + T2 + 2) >> 2
 c = (T1 + 2*T2 + T3 + 2) >> 2
 d = (T2 + 2*T3 + T4 + 2) >> 2

Horizontal

  • H.264: mode 1
  • SVQ3: mode 1
  • RV40: mode 2
  • VP8: not used
 LT | T0  T1  T2  T3
---------------------
 L0 | L0  L0  L0  L0
 L1 | L1  L1  L1  L1
 L2 | L2  L2  L2  L2
 L3 | L3  L3  L3  L3

Horizontal (VP8)

  • H.264: not used
  • SVQ3: not used
  • RV40: not used
  • VP8: mode 3
 LT | T0  T1  T2  T3
--------------------
 L0 |  a   a   a   a
 L1 |  b   b   b   b
 L2 |  c   c   c   c
 L3 |  d   d   d   d
 L4 |

where:

 a = (LT + 2*L0 + L1 + 2) >> 2
 b = (L0 + 2*L1 + L2 + 2) >> 2
 c = (L1 + 2*L2 + L3 + 2) >> 2
 d = (L2 + 2*L3 + L4 + 2) >> 2

DC

  • H.264: mode 2
  • SVQ3: mode 2
  • RV40: mode 0
  • VP8: mode 0
 LT | T0  T1  T2  T3
---------------------
 L0 |  a   a   a   a
 L1 |  a   a   a   a
 L2 |  a   a   a   a
 L3 |  a   a   a   a

where:

if top and left predictors are available
  a = (T0 + T1 + T2 + T3 + L0 + L1 + L2 + L3 + 4) / 8
else if top predictors are available
  a = (T0 + T1 + T2 + T3 + 2) / 4
else if left predictors are available
  a = (L0 + L1 + L2 + L3 + 2) / 4
else
  a = 128

Note that the VP8 reference code does not make any provisions for either or both sets of predictors to be missing.

Diagonal Down/Left

  • H.264: mode 3
  • SVQ3: not used
  • RV40: not used
  • VP8: mode 4
 LT | T0  T1  T2  T3  T4  T5  T6  T7
-------------------------------------
 L0 |  a   b   c   d
 L1 |  b   c   d   e
 L2 |  c   d   e   f
 L3 |  d   e   f   g

where:

 a = (T0 + 2*T1 + T2 + 2) / 4
 b = (T1 + 2*T2 + T3 + 2) / 4
 c = (T2 + 2*T3 + T4 + 2) / 4
 d = (T3 + 2*T4 + T5 + 2) / 4
 e = (T4 + 2*T5 + T6 + 2) / 4
 f = (T5 + 2*T6 + T7 + 2) / 4
 g = (T6 + 3*T7      + 2) / 4

Diagonal Down/Left (SVQ3)

  • H.264: not used
  • SVQ3: mode 3
  • RV40: not used
  • VP8: not used
 LT | T0  T1  T2  T3
---------------------
 L0 |  a   b   c   c
 L1 |  b   c   c   c
 L2 |  c   c   c   c
 L3 |  c   c   c   c

where:

 a = (L1 + T1) / 2
 b = (L2 + T2) / 2
 c = (L3 + T3) / 2

Diagonal Down/Left (RV40)

  • H.264: not used
  • SVQ3: not used
  • RV40: mode 4
  • VP8: not used
 LT | T0  T1  T2  T3  T4  T5  T6  T7
-------------------------------------
 L0 |  a   b   c   d
 L1 |  b   c   d   e
 L2 |  c   d   e   f
 L3 |  d   e   f   g
 L4 |
 L5 |
 L6 |
 L7 |

where:

 a = (T0 + 2*T1 + T2 + L0 + 2*L1 + L2 + 4) / 8
 b = (T1 + 2*T2 + T3 + L1 + 2*L2 + L3 + 4) / 8
 c = (T2 + 2*T3 + T4 + L2 + 2*L3 + L4 + 4) / 8
 d = (T3 + 2*T4 + T5 + L3 + 2*L4 + L5 + 4) / 8
 e = (T4 + 2*T5 + T6 + L4 + 2*L5 + L6 + 4) / 8
 f = (T5 + 2*T6 + T7 + L5 + 2*L6 + L7 + 4) / 8
 g = (T6 +   T7      + L6 +   L7      + 2) / 4

Diagonal Down/Right

  • H.264: mode 4
  • SVQ3: mode 4
  • RV40: mode 3
  • VP8: mode 5
 LT | T0  T1  T2  T3
---------------------
 L0 |  d   e   f   g
 L1 |  c   d   e   f
 L2 |  b   c   d   e
 L3 |  a   b   c   d

where:

 a = (L3 + 2*L2 + L1 + 2) / 4
 b = (L2 + 2*L1 + L0 + 2) / 4
 c = (L1 + 2*L0 + LT + 2) / 4
 d = (L0 + 2*LT + T0 + 2) / 4
 e = (LT + 2*T0 + T1 + 2) / 4
 f = (T0 + 2*T1 + T2 + 2) / 4
 g = (T1 + 2*T2 + T3 + 2) / 4

Vertical/Right

  • H.264: mode 5
  • SVQ3: mode 5
  • RV40: mode 5
  • VP8: mode 6
 LT | T0  T1  T2  T3
---------------------
 L0 |  a   b   c   d
 L1 |  e   f   g   h
 L2 |  i   a   b   c
 L3 |  j   e   f   g

where:

 a = (LT + T0 + 1) / 2
 b = (T0 + T1 + 1) / 2
 c = (T1 + T2 + 1) / 2
 d = (T2 + T3 + 1) / 2
 e = (L0 + 2*LT + T0 + 2) / 4
 f = (LT + 2*T0 + T1 + 2) / 4
 g = (T0 + 2*T1 + T2 + 2) / 4
 h = (T1 + 2*T2 + T3 + 2) / 4
 i = (LT + 2*L0 + L1 + 2) / 4
 j = (L0 + 2*L1 + L2 + 2) / 4

Horizontal/Down

  • H.264: mode 6
  • SVQ3: mode 6
  • RV40: mode 8
  • VP8: mode 8
 LT | T0  T1  T2  T3
---------------------
 L0 |  a   b   c   d
 L1 |  e   f   a   b
 L2 |  g   h   e   f
 L3 |  i   j   g   h

where:

 a = (LT + L0 + 1) / 2
 b = (L0 + 2*LT + T0 + 2) / 4
 c = (LT + 2*T0 + T1 + 2) / 4
 d = (T0 + 2*T1 + T2 + 2) / 4
 e = (L0 + L1 + 1) / 2
 f = (LT + 2*L0 + L1 + 2) / 4
 g = (L1 + L2 + 1) / 2
 h = (L0 + 2*L1 + L2 + 2) / 4
 g = (L2 + L3 + 1) / 2
 j = (L1 + 2*L2 + L3 + 2) / 4

Vertical/Left

  • H.264: mode 7
  • SVQ3: mode 7
  • RV40: mode 6
  • VP8: mode 7
 LT | T0  T1  T2  T3  T4  T5  T6  T7
-------------------------------------
 L0 |  a   b   c   d
 L1 |  f   g   h   i
 L2 |  b   c   d   e
 L3 |  g   h   i   j

where:

 a = (T0 + T1 + 1) / 2
 b = (T1 + T2 + 1) / 2
 c = (T2 + T3 + 1) / 2
 d = (T3 + T4 + 1) / 2
 e = (T4 + T5 + 1) / 2
 f = (T0 + 2*T1 + T2 + 2) / 4
 g = (T1 + 2*T2 + T3 + 2) / 4
 h = (T2 + 2*T3 + T4 + 2) / 4
 i = (T3 + 2*T4 + T5 + 2) / 4
 j = (T4 + 2*T5 + T6 + 2) / 4

For RV40 two coefficients differ:

 a = (2*T0 + 2*T1 + L1 + 2*L2 +   L3 +      4) / 8
 f = (  T0 + 2*T1 + T2 +   L2 + 2*L3 + L4 + 4) / 8

For VP8, 3 coefficients differ:

 c = (T2 + T3 + T4 + 2) / 4
 e = (T4 + 2*T5 + T6 + 2) / 4
 j = (T5 + 2*T6 + T7 + 2) / 4

Horizontal/Up

  • H.264: mode 8
  • SVQ3: mode 8
  • RV40: not used
  • VP8: mode 9
 LT | T0  T1  T2  T3
---------------------
 L0 |  a   b   c   d
 L1 |  c   d   e   f
 L2 |  e   f   g   g
 L3 |  g   g   g   g

where:

 a = (L0 + L1 + 1) / 2
 b = (L0 + 2*L1 + L2 + 2) / 4
 c = (L1 + L2 + 1) / 2
 d = (L1 + 2*L2 + L3 + 2) / 4
 e = (L2 + L3 + 1) / 2
 f = (L2 + 2*L3 + L3 + 2) / 4
 g = L3

Horizontal/Up (RV40)

  • H.264: not used
  • SVQ3: not used
  • RV40: mode 7
  • VP8: not used
 LT | T0  T1  T2  T3
---------------------
 L0 |  a   b   c   d
 L1 |  c   d   e   f
 L2 |  e   f   g   h
 L3 |  g   h   i   j
 L4 |
 L5 |
 L6 |
 L7 |

where:

 a = (T1 + 2*T2 + T3 + 2*L0 + 2*L1 +      4) / 8
 b = (T2 + 2*T3 + T4 +   L0 + 2*L1 + L2 + 4) / 8
 c = (T3 + 2*T4 + T5 + 2*L1 + 2*L2 +      4) / 8
 d = (T4 + 2*T5 + T6 +   L1 + 2*L2 + L3 + 4) / 8
 e = (T5 + 2*T6 + T7 + 2*L2 + 2*L3 +      4) / 8
 f = (T6 + 3*T7 +        L2 + 3*L3 +      4) / 8
 g = (T6 +   T7 +        L3 +   L4      + 2) / 4
 h = (                   L3 + 2*L4 + L5 + 2) / 4
 i = (                   L4 +   L5      + 1) / 2
 j = (                   L4 + 2*L5 + L6 + 2) / 4

TrueMotion (VP8)

  • H.264: not used
  • SVQ3: not used
  • RV40: not used
  • VP8: mode 1
 LT | T0  T1  T2  T3
---------------------
 L0 |  a   .   .   .
 L1 |  .   b   .   .
 L2 |  .   .   c   .
 L3 |  .   .   .   d

where this pattern is satisfied:

 a = SATURATE_U8(T0 - LT + L0)
 b = SATURATE_U8(T1 - LT + L1)
 c = SATURATE_U8(T2 - LT + L2)
 d = SATURATE_U8(T3 - LT + L3)

I.e., for each of the 16 samples: (top predictor for column) - (left/top predictor) + (left predictor for row), then saturate in an unsigned byte range 0..255.


16x16 Prediction Modes

DC

  • H.264: mode 0
  • SVQ3: mode 0
  • RV40: mode 0

Using the 16 top predictors (T0..T15) and the 16 left predictors (L0..L15), set all 256 elements to the mean, computed as:

if top and left predictors are available
  mean = (sum(T0..T15) + sum(L0..L15) + 16) / 32
else if top predictors are available
  mean = (sum(T0..T15) + 8) / 16
else if left predictors are available
  mean = (sum(L0..L15) + 8) / 16
else
  mean = 128

Vertical

  • H.264: mode 1
  • SVQ3: mode 1
  • RV40: mode 1
  LT | T0  T1  T2  T3  T4  ..  T15
-------------------------- .. -----
  L0 | T0  T1  T2  T3  T4  ..  T15
  L1 | T0  T1  T2  T3  T4  ..  T15
  L2 | T0  T1  T2  T3  T4  ..  T15
 ......
 L15 | T0  T1  T2  T3  T4  ..  T15

Horizontal

  • H.264: mode 2
  • SVQ3: mode 2
  • RV40: mode 2
  LT |  T0  T1  T2  T3  T4  ..  T15
--------------------------- .. -----
  L0 |  L0  L0  L0  L0  L0  ..   L0
  L1 |  L1  L1  L1  L1  L1  ..   L1
  L2 |  L2  L2  L2  L2  L2  ..   L2
 ......
 L15 | L15 L15 L15 L15 L15  ..  L15

Plane

  • H.264: mode 3
  • SVQ3: mode 3
  • RV40: mode 3

Notice that SVQ3 and RV40 follow a slightly different method here.

Given the top predictors (T0..T15), left predictors (L0..L15) and the left-top corner predictor (LT) arranged as follows:

  LT |    T0        T1        T2     ..    T15
-----------------------------------  ..  --------
  L0 | c[ 0, 0]  c[ 1, 0]  c[ 2, 0]  ..  c[15, 0]
  L1 | c[ 0, 1]  c[ 1, 1]  c[ 2, 1]  ..  c[15, 1]
 ......
 L15 | c[ 0,15]  c[ 1,15]  c[ 2,15]  ..  c[15,15]

Compute H' and V':

H' = 1* (T8 - T6) +
     2* (T9 - T5) +
     3*(T10 - T4) +
     4*(T11 - T3) +
     5*(T12 - T2) +
     6*(T13 - T1) +
     7*(T14 - T0) +
     8*(T15 - LT)
V' = 1* (L8 - L6) +
     2* (L9 - L5) +
     3*(L10 - L4) +
     4*(L11 - L3) +
     5*(L12 - L2) +
     6*(L13 - L1) +
     7*(L14 - L0) +
     8*(L15 - LT)

For H.264, compute H and V as:

 H = (5*H' + 32) / 64
 V = (5*V' + 32) / 64

For SVQ3, compute H and V as:

 V = (5*(H'/4)) / 16
 H = (5*(V'/4)) / 16 
 (notice that V and H are computed from H' and V', respectively)

For RV40, compute H and V as:

 H = (5*(H' >> 2)) >> 4
 V = (5*(V' >> 2)) >> 4 
 (like SVQ3 but without swapping and it's important to use shifts here instead of divisions)

The final process for filling in the 16x16 block is:

 a = 16 * (L15 + T15 + 1) - 7*(V+H)
 for (j = 0..15)
   for (i = 0..15)
     b = a + V * j + H * i
     c[i,j] = SATURATE_U8(b / 32)

The SATURATE_U8() function indicates that the result of the operation should be bounded to an unsigned 8-bit range (0..255).